Download A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language by James W. Redhouse PDF
By James W. Redhouse
The Ottoman Language is the main hugely polished department of the nice Turkish tongue, that's spokon, with dialectic diversifications, around the entire breadth, approximately, of the center quarter of the continent of Asia, impinging into Europe, even, within the Ottoman provinces, and likewise, in Southern Russia, as much as the frontiers of the outdated state of Poland. The Ottoman language is, in its grammar and vocabulary, essentially Turkish. It has, besides the fact that, followed, and maintains an increasing number of to undertake, as required, an unlimited variety of Arabic, Porsian, and overseas phrases (Greek, Armenian, Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, etc.), including using many of the grammatical principles of the Arabic and Porsian, that are given as Turkish ideas within the following pages, their starting place being in every one case distinctive. the nice Turkish language, turkje, Ottoman and non-Ottoman, has been classed, via ecu writers as one of many " agglutinative" languages ; no longer inflTable of Contents Preface ; word on identification of Alphabets xii; bankruptcy I Letters and ORTnooiurnr; part I quantity, Order, Forma, and Names of; Letters 1; Synopsis of Arabic, Greek, and Latin; Letters four; ? II Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points, Orthographic symptoms, Transliteration, Ottoman Euphony 15; bankruptcy IL Ottoman Accidence; part I Nouns sizeable fifty one; ? II Nouns Adjective GS; ? III Numerals seventy four; , IV Pronouns eighty two; vi; desk of contents; part V Demonstratives 8b; ? VI Interrogatives 89; ? VII Relative Pronouns ninety; ? VIIIDerivation of Verbs ninety two; (Table) ninety four; ? IX Conjugation of Verbs ; Moods; Tenses ;; Participles; Verbal Nouns; Gerunds ninety nine; ? X Numbers aiul Tersons a hundred and fifteen ? XI advanced different types of Verbs , 119; ? XII First advanced type one hundred twenty ? XIII moment ? ? a hundred twenty five; ? XIV 3rd ? 129; ? XV mixed (Turkish) Conjugation 133; ? XVI destructive and Impotential Conjugations , one hundred thirty five; ? XVII Dubitative, power, and Facile Verbs 141; ? XVII I Verb significant a hundred and forty four; ?
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Zbek, ‘Policing the Countryside’. 8–11. 21. Adopted as the empire’s official civil code in 1877, the Mecelle represents the first systematic attempt to codify and modernise Islamic civil law (shari’a) according to Hanafi jurisprudence. It was prepared and written from 1869–76 by a commission directed by Ahmet Cevdet Pasha and consists of sixteen volumes containing 1,851 articles. For a detailed discussion of the creation of the Mecelle and its affect on the practice of Islamic law, see Messick, Calligraphic State.
All versions of the article deal with the crime of kidnapping children and girls at the age of puberty. The most significant changes consisted of, first, expanding the victims of kidnapping to include adults as well as children; second, expanding the victims of kidnapping to include males as well as females; third, even though victims now included both sexes, female victims were still the primary focus of the article; fourth, altering the criteria for determining a child’s criminal culpability – originally determined by the commencement of puberty according to Islamic law, it was now set uniformly at the age of fourteen; and, finally, unlike the 1858 version of Article 206, the 1911 version removed all jurisdictions regarding ‘Crimes of Honour’ from shari’ courts.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, incarceration with hard labour, however, no longer involved serving in the galleys at the Imperial Shipyards, although it maintained the name kürek. 25 By the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Prison Administration built prison factories in major urban areas. 26 24 The Age of Modernity, 1839–1922 In the age of modernity there is an inherent logic found in bureaucratic and administrative standardisation and centralisation. Ottoman sultans and administrators shared this global logic and applied it to their imperial context.