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This weakened the influence of Slavic-speaking Croatians. During the 19th century, a wave of nationalistic feelings swept across Europe. In Croatia, growing nationalism contributed to a number of positive changes. For example, in 1847 the Croatian language began to be used exclusively in news publishing, the printing of official documents, and in all aspects of daily life. Earlier, during the 1830s, many intellectuals led by Ljudevit Gaj established the Illyrian Movement. The purpose of the movement was to organize the South Slavs (who, at the time, were incorrectly thought to be descendants of the ancient Illyrians) into one intellectual, cultural, and political body.

Pasta, seafood prepared in various ways, and vegetables are the primary staples. q 8/12/02 5:33 PM Page 57 People and Culture fats, and because olive oil is used in much of the cooking, coastal people rarely experience problems with obesity. Winemaking dates back to ancient times. It is a process greatly appreciated throughout the county, where both the making and consumption of wine share deep roots in the Croatian culture. In northern Croatia, people traditionally celebrate St. Martin’s Day on November 11.

Tito’s supporters (called Partisans) fought against German-led occupation forces. They also fought against Ustase-organized armed groups that were responsible for concentration camps and the mass executions of Jews, Serbs, Gypsies, and many Croats who were against their rule. After the war, Tito became the leader in Yugoslavia. He formed a Communist dictatorship and strictly controlled and suppressed any nationalistic feelings among Yugoslav nations. During Tito’s rule—which was much more liberal than in other Communist dictatorships—considerable economic progress was achieved.