Download Invention and Evolution: Design in Nature and Engineering by M. J. French PDF
By M. J. French
This textbook presents an creation to layout for functionality, utilizing many examples of synthetic artifacts and dwelling organisms to illustrate universal topics and primary rules. Examples forcefully illustrate the significance of the fundamental layout rules regarding fabric homes, actual rules, and effort expenditure. the writer additionally discusses the relation of aesthetic and practical layout, the the most important connection of layout to creation in artifacts, and replica in organisms. the writer has completely up to date this moment variation with extra examples and a brand new bankruptcy with real layout case stories to demonstrate key principles. additionally, the textual content includes many new workouts that toughen details within the textual content.
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Extra resources for Invention and Evolution: Design in Nature and Engineering
Sample text
One horsepower is 746 W. Many modern power stations develop about 2000 MW, or 2 million kW. These concepts of force, work, energy and power may take some time to grasp, but are relatively simple and of vital importance to an understanding of design. For example, it is largely considerations of energy and power that dictate the form of all things that fly, run, walk or travel on or under the water. 1 Energy, power and flight: birds In winged flight, the forward motion of the wings through the air provides a lift force L to support the animal or aircraft.
Notice also that a force has a direction the direction in which we are pushing. If a table is supporting an apple, then the apple exerts a downward force on the table, the weight of the apple, in fact. The word 'weight' is used in two different senses, which is a little confusing: one is the mass or amount of matter - if we go to buy two pounds of potatoes or a kilogram of sugar, it is a mass we are referring to and in the past the Inspector of Weights and Measures was employed to help see that we received the right mass of potatoes or sugar.
And this is a great limitation of evolution - it cannot produce a radically new design except via a long succession of small changes, and every one of these intermediate designs must itself be an improvement that can survive to give rise to the next. No such route from the insect to the bird was possible. Although insects were flying through the great forests that were to become today's coal measures, some 300 million years ago, it was from the land reptiles that the birds would develop almost 200 million years later.