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Winters are often spent in the southern well-vegetated areas, whereas summers are spent near the oases on the edge of Iraq’s western desert area. Camel breeding has been the focus of Bedouin livelihood, for camels provide a source of meat, hide, hair, and transportation. The People and Culture This Bedouin woman in Jordan wears traditional dress. Bedouins live a modest and harsh life, and this has pressured the tribes-people to abandon their traditional existence for village life, where farming can be practiced.

Having noticed the silent uprising of the marsh dwellers, Hussein had many of the marshes drained at the end of the war to flush out the rebels who were taking cover in the marshes. Many fled to Iran. 53 54 Iraq Marsh Arabs hunt for food. Bedouins The Bedouins are nomadic tribes who migrate seasonally between western and southern Iraq and between Iraq’s neighboring countries of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Winters are often spent in the southern well-vegetated areas, whereas summers are spent near the oases on the edge of Iraq’s western desert area.

Faisal I died in 1933 and was succeeded by his son, Ghazi, a radical pan-Arab and anti-British figure. Iraq Becomes an Independent State In 1931, an agreement was signed by the Iraqi government and the Iraq Petroleum Company that further exploited the country’s oil reserves. The Iraq Petroleum Company was an internationally owned organization composed of Royal-Dutch Shell, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, French oil companies, and the Standard Oil companies of New York and New Jersey. The agreement gave the Iraq Petroleum Company the sole right to develop the oil fields of the Mosul region.