Download Probiotics: The scientific basis by Ray Fuller PDF
By Ray Fuller
1 background and improvement of probiotics.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 History.- 1.3 Composition of probiotic preparations.- References.- 2 Bacterial interactions within the gut.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 tools for learning bacterial interactions.- 2.3 major varieties of bacterial interactions within the gut.- 2.3 Conclusions.- References.- three Metabolic interactions within the gut.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mammalian intestinal metabolism.- 3.3 intestine bacterial metabolism.- 3.4 Conclusions.- References.- four Translocation and the indigenous intestine flora.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Defence opposed to bacterial translocation.- 4.3 Bacterial translocation in animal versions with a number of deficiencies in host defences.- 4.4 Conclusion.- References.- five intestine plants and disorder resistance.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Colonization resistance.- 5.3 Suppression of the multiplication of pathogens via the intestinal microflora.- 5.4 Mechanisms answerable for suppression of pathogens.- 5.5 Conclusions.- 5.6 The probiotic concept.- References.- 6 components affecting the microecology of the gut.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Definitions.- 6.3 Use of 1 or a constrained variety of bacterial traces in probiotic preparations.- 6.4 Ecological considerations.- 6.5 ideas for destiny developments.- References.- 7 Probiotics and the immune state.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 impact of orally administered lactic acid micro organism on immunity: non-specific and particular immune response.- 7.3 impact of oral management at the secretory immune system.- 7.4 influence at the defense opposed to enteric infections.- References.- eight Genetit manipulation of intestine microorganisms.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Microbes of power interest.- 8.3 Molecular genetical studies.- 8.4 balance of genetic determinants.- 8.5 attainable developments.- 8.6 free up of genetically transformed microbes.- 8.7 Conclusions.- References.- nine number of traces for probiotic use.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 target of this chapter.- 9.3 First steps within the collection of microbial strains.- 9.4 Species and viability of probiotic microorganisms.- 9.5 Processing of achievable microorganisms to end-products.- 9.6 Resistance to in vivo conditions.- 9.7 Adherence and colonization.- 9.8 Antimicrobial activity.- 9.9 Gene technology.- 9.10 Conclusion.- References.- 10 Probiotics for chickens.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 the conventional intestinal plant life of poultry.- 10.3 Host—microbial plants interactions.- 10.4 the applying of probiosis to poultry.- 10.5 Lactic acid micro organism as probiotics.- 10.6 aggressive exclusion.- 10.7 Immunity.- 10.8 Bacteriophages.- 10.9 Summary.- References.- eleven Probiotics for pigs.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 designated positive aspects of pigs appropriate to using probiotics.- 11.3 present use of probiotics.- 11.4 Efficacy.- 11.5 practical features of capability probiotic strains.- 11.6 basic discussion.- References.- 12 Probiotics for ruminants.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Probiotics for younger ruminants.- 12.3 Fungal feed ingredients for grownup ruminants.- 12.4 Bacterial probiotics for grownup ruminants.- 12.5 destiny developments.- References.- thirteen Probiotics for humans.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract.- 13.3 present use of probiotics.- 13.4 dietary merits of probiotics.- 13.5 healing advantages of probiotics.- 13.6 more moderen advancements within the sector of probiotics and health.- 13.7 homes required for probiotics to be potent in dietary and healing settings.- 13.8 destiny improvement of probiotics for human use.- 13.9 destiny purposes of probiotics.- 13.10 concepts for probiotic modification.- References.- 14 difficulties and prospects.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 components affecting the probiotic response.- 14.3 destiny developments.- 14.4 Summary.- References.
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However, there is considerable evidence that they have comutagenic and cocarcinogenic activity (summarized by Kelsey, 1983). , 1978) and to enhance the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene (Silverman and Andrews, 1977). Narisawa et 01. (1974) showed that intrarectal administration of secondary bile acids increased the incidence of colon adenomas Gut bacterial metabolism 39 induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in rats. Subsequently, Reddy et 01. (1977) provided evidence for the importance of bacterial metabolism of bile acids for this tumour-promoting activity by demonstrating that the primary bile acids act as promotors of MNNGinduced colon tumours only in conventional flora rats, whereas the secondary bile acids exert tumour-promoting activity in both germ-free and conventional flora animals.
J} Decarboxylation oE amino acids Decarboxylation of several amino acids by bacteria in the gut can produce pharmacologically active monoamines such as tyramine, from tryrosine, and tryptamine, from tryptophan (Melnykowycz and Gut bacterial metabolism 37 Johansson, 1955). Diamines can also be produced by decarboxylation of lysine and histidine. , 1968). In healthy individuals, these metabolites are usually detoxified by mammalian amine oxidases, but in the presence of amine oxidase inhibitor drugs, or in patients with impaired hepatic function, increased levels of the toxic amines may be present in body tissues and fluids.
And Gouet, P. (1969) Utilisation d'une technique microbiologique pour la me sure de la vitesse de transit des microparticules dans Ie tractus digestif des ruminants. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 268, 1757-9. , Dubos, F. and Raibaud, P. (1985) Modulation of cytotoxin production by Clostridium difficile in the intestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with various human intestinal bacteria. Appl. Environ. , 49, 250-2. eorthier, G. and Muller, M. C. (1988) Emergence in gnotobiotic mice of nontoxinogenic clones of Clostridium difficile from a toxinogenic one.