Download Research Methodology in the Medical and Biological Sciences by Petter Laake PDF
By Petter Laake
Supplying easy-to-access details, this exact sourcebook covers the big variety of subject matters researcher has to be acquainted with in an effort to turn into a winning experimental scientist. ideal for aspiring in addition to practising execs within the scientific and organic sciences it discusses a vast variety of subject matters which are universal, but now not usually thought of a part of formal curricula. the knowledge awarded additionally allows verbal exchange throughout traditional disciplinary barriers, in keeping with the more and more multidisciplinary nature of contemporary examine tasks. · excellent for college kids with a number of expert backgrounds offering a vast clinical standpoint · simply available, concise fabric makes studying approximately assorted equipment plausible in cutting-edge fast paced international · wide on-line assets comprise extra examining feedback, info records, statistical tables, and the StaTable software package deal
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Extra info for Research Methodology in the Medical and Biological Sciences
Example text
However, the Bradford–Hill criteria admit that causation in the biomedical sciences is far from deterministic (as in the Koch postulates), and that it is an amalgam of more general criteria. However, if the causes of phenomena studied in the biomedical sciences are not deterministic, what then are they? That is, what is the true nature of the causation with which we deal? In the deterministic version of causation, we know both the necessary and the sufficient conditions for an event. The Koch postulates require that there are no cases of disease without the parasites, and there are no parasites 3 CHAPTER 1 without the manifestation of disease.
So, interpretation is circular, the hermeneutic circle. In principle, this circle cannot lead to certain closure, as we will never know whether a deeper analysis of the text may change our interpretation of it. The problem of attaining valid, intersubjective interpretation has long been and still is discussed, and optimistic interpretation theoreticians speak of a hermeneutic spiral that implies that interpretation gets better and better. At the pragmatic level, the problem of the hermeneutic circle is less worthy of attention, as agreement on the meaning of a text usually can be more easily attained.
These challenges with regard to relevance and symmetry have made some philosophers of science argue that explanations should be based on causation: to explain is to attribute a cause. According to such a causal model of explanation (CM), one must follow specific procedures for arriving at an explanation of a particular phenomenon or event: 1. 2. 3. 4. Compile a list of statistically relevant factors. Analyse the list by a variety of methods. Create causal models of the statistical relationships.