By Jan Mansvelt Beck

All Basque interpretations of nationwide energy have led to an uneasy mixture of usually fragmented and conflicting territorial identifications. Basques can establish themselves with France, Spain or an imagined Basque country kingdom. Territory and Terror confronts the imagined and genuine territorial dimensions of nationalism, laying off new mild at the Basque clash.

The examine offers a wealthy description of territoriality analyzed from a comparative viewpoint and explores the relation among territoriality and neighborhood modifications in clash depth. It provides an account of the often-overlooked inner struggles among Basques, arguing that overestimation of Basque nationalism because the ideological strength at the back of the clash frequently results in a put out of your mind of the identity of many with France or Spain. furthermore, the writer investigates the conflicts among Basque nationalists themselves over key concerns comparable to terrorist job.

Territory and Terror will attract scholars and researchers of nationalism and territoriality, particularly to these with an curiosity within the Basque nation.

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Additional info for Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country

Example text

Euskal Herria has a very varied economic geography. I will explore the relationship between the changes in local economy and mobilization. Large-scale enterprise is heavily concentrated in Vizcaya, smaller-scale but geographically scattered factories characterize Guipúzcoa, while Álava is developing rapidly and losing its rural features. In contrast, the French Basque area and Navarra are still the most rural territories of Euskal Herria. Apart from long-term economic transformation, business cycles may have strong local effects on mobilization.

Although rugby forged local sentiments that culminated in Bayonne during the French championship of L’Aviron in 1913, the competition was statewide and French. The club song was of course in French. Popular tennis player Jean Borotra, the ‘bounding Basque’, later on Basque deputy in Paris, became a role model not only for Basques but also for the French middle class (Holt 1981: 179). In the Basque interior many local schoolmasters, frequently Frenchmen from outside the Basque area (Bidart 1977: 203–7), started to establish rugby clubs that were soon associated with French secularism.

Before the introduction of mandatory mass education, France and Spain were multi-lingual countries in which linguistic diversity was a ‘natural’ obstacle to respectively ‘frenchization’ and ‘castilianization’. The speaking, understanding and reading of the official languages was and is an asset for the spread of the idea of the nation. According to Anderson (1991) the printed word in particular has been at the root of the diffusion of the nation or ‘imagined community’. Formal education did even more than teach the state’s language.

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