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On steep and stable channel borders the trees of this community can be seen at levels as low as 21 meters, but on the shores of the Amazon River they commonly appear at 23 meters and continue upwards. In a few cases adult Salix humboldtiana and Alchornea castaneifolia were found at 22 meters. Many tree species which colonize low-lying areas are also normally found higher up. Pioneer species such as species of Cecropia, Salix humboldtiana, and Alchornea castanei­ folia are substituted by species of greater competitive strength when en­ vironmental conditions become suitable.

Int. Assoc. Theor. Appl. Limnol. Proc. 2 2 , 12781282. Mertes, L. A. K. (1985). " Unpubl. M. Sc. thesis, Univ. of Washington. Oltman, R. E . (1968). " U. S. Geol. Survey Circular 552. Pflafker, G. (1964). " Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 7 5 , 503-522. Pickett, S. T. A. and White, P. , Eds. (1985). " Academic Press, Orlando. Putzer, H. (1984). " pp. 16-46 In Sioli, H. ), "The Amazon. " Dr. W. , Dordrecht/Boston /Lancaster. Rasanen, Μ. E . , Salo, J . S. and Kalliola, R. J . (1987). " Science 2 3 8 , 1398-1401.

Species occuring in this extremely flood tolerant shrub community are restricted to the lowestlying areas, probably because of the disadvantages they face when competing for light with taller trees in higher-lying areas. Mid-level tree community: The lake basins forest communities appear above 22 meters AASL, where flooding occurs on an average of 2 3 0 days per year (Table 1). On steep and stable channel borders the trees of this community can be seen at levels as low as 21 meters, but on the shores of the Amazon River they commonly appear at 23 meters and continue upwards.

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