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By T. T. Kozlowski
Seed Germination, Ontogeny, and Shoot Growth
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20. Morphological features of roots of Pinus resinosa. Heterorhizic roots of Pinus resinosa. (Photo courtesy H. ) oversimplify in implying that both long and short roots are present in tree root systems, probably because of the association of short roots with mycorrhizae. Although short roots occur throughout the Pinaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, and a few other gymnosperms, they are absent in many woody plants. Libocedrus, for example, like other plants in the Cupressaceae, does not develop a heterorhizic root system.
Coulter, J. , and Chamberlain, C. J. (1917). "Morphology of Gymnosperms," Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Desch, H. E. (1968). " Macmillan, New York. Eames, A. J. (1961). " McGraw-Hill, New York. Esau, K. (1960). " Wiley, New York. Esau, K. (1965). " Wiley, New York. Fahn, A. (1967). " Pergamon Press, Oxford. Foster, A. , and Gifford, E. , Jr. (1959). " Freeman, San Francisco, California. Jane, F. W. (1956). " Black, London. Jane, F. W. (1963). Botanical aspects of wood science. Vistas Bot.
TEMPERATURE Although seeds of many species will germinate over a rather wide temperature range, those of some species have rather definite temperature requirements. Whereas Fagus seeds germinate at temperatures slightly above freezing, those of other species require much higher temperatures. Seeds of Pinus contorta germinate at about the same rate at 20°C as at 30°C (Critchfield, 1957). Among seeds which germinate well only over a specific temperature range are those of Acer negundo. Roe (1941) found that seeds of this species showed 67 % germination as temperatures alternated between 50° and 77°F, but only 12% germinated as temperatures alternated between 68° and 86°F.