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In the summer, there are times when the sun never sets. ) East Siberian Sea O Lan Chukchi Sea E Coats (USA) H T U C The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by icy land. A large section of the ocean is permanently frozen. This is called the ice cap. In the winter, the sea freezes and increases the size of the ice cap so that it touches the land. Arctic temperatures: Antarctic Circle South Magnetic Pole Lowest point: Bentley sub-glacial trench 8,383 feet below sea level Polar bears spend the winter and Population: spring on the frozen ocean hunting No permanent population.

Lucia 23c St. Pierre and Miquelon 16a, 17, 21c St. Vincent and the Grenadines 17, 23c 62 INDEX Sajama 24b-c Samoa 55c San Andreas Fault 21c-d San Marino 37, 43b São Paulo 14a-b São Tomé and Príncipe 29, 35a Sardinia 37 Saudi Arabia 15, 44c,d, 45, 51a seismic waves 8a, 9a Senegal 15, 29, 35b Serbia Montenegro 15, 37, 43b Severnaya Zemlya 45, 56 Seychelles 35b Shanghai 14a-b Siberia 13, 44b-d Sicily 37 Sierra Leone 15, 29, 35b Singapore 15, 45, 51a Slovakia 15, 37, 43b Slovenia 15, 37, 43b Solar System 6d, 7a-d Solomon Islands 15, 53, 55c Somalia 15, 29, 35b Sonoron Desert 16d South Africa 15, 28c, 29, 35b South America 24–7 physical map 12 rivers 10c size 13c-d time zones 7b wealth 15b-d South Georgia 25, 57 South Korea 15, 44d, 45, 51a South Orkney Island 57 South Pole 57 South Shetland Islands 57 Southern Ocean 11a-d, 13, 57 Spain 15, 37, 43b Sri Lanka 15, 45, 51a Stanley (Mount) 28b-c Sudan 15, 28a, 29, 35b Sumatra 44b-c, 45, 48a-c summer 7a-d Sun 6b-d, 7a-d Suriname 14, 25, 27c Svalbard 56 Swaziland 15, 29, 35b Sweden 15, 37, 43b, 56 Switzerland 15, 36b-c, 37, 43c Syria 15, 45, 51a T Tahiti 53 Taiwan 15, 45, 51b Tajikistan 15, 44b-c, 45, 51b Tanzania 15, 28b-c, 29, 35c Tasmania 52c-d tectonic plates 8a-d, 9a, 10a territories 15a-c Thailand 15, 45, 51b Tierra del Fuego 25 time 6d, 7a-d Tobago 14, 17, 23c, 25 Togo 15, 29, 35c Tokelau 53 Tokyo 7d, 9c, 14a-b Tonga 53, 55c transport 14b-c Trinidad and Tobago 14, 17, 23c, 25 Tugela Falls 28a Tunisia 15, 29, 35c Turkey 15, 36a, 43c, 45 Turkmenistan 15, 45, 51b Turks and Caicos Islands 17, 23c Tuvalu 53, 55c U Uganda 15, 28b-c, 29, 35c Ukraine 15, 37, 43c Uluru 53a-b United Arab Emirates 15, 45, 51b United Kingdom 15, 36b-c,d, 37, 43c United States of America factfile 21c income 16a lakes 11c-d mountains 16b-c oil consumption 16b-c political maps 14, 17 population 14a, 16a size 13b Ural (river) 36b-c Ural Mountains 13 Uruguay 14, 25, 27c Ushuaia 25d Utigard 36a Uzbekistan 11c-d, 15, 44b-c, 45, 51c V Vancouver Island 17 Vanuatu 15, 52a, 53, 55c Vatican City 36a,d, 37, 43c Venezuela 14, 24d, 25, 27c Venice 36d Victoria Island 16b-c, 17, 56 Vietnam 15, 45, 51c Virgin Islands 17, 23c volcanoes 8–9, 10a Volga 36b-c W Wallaman Falls 52a Wallis and Futuna Islands 53, 55c waterfalls Africa 28a Asia 44a Europe 36a highest 12a North America 16a Oceania 52a South America 24a wealth 15b-d Wellington 52b West Bank 45, 51c Western Sahara 15, 29 wildlife 32a-d, 56a, 57d Wilhelm (Mount) 52c-d winter 7a-d world population 14a-b Y Yangtze (river) 10c, 44a Yellow River see Huang He Yemen 15, 45, 51c Yenisey (river) 10c Ysyk Kol 44b-c Yukon 16b-c Z Zambezi (river) 28b-c Zambia 15, 29, 35c Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa 45, 56 Zimbabwe 15, 29, 35c MAP INDEX AND GRID REFERENCES A Abu Zabi 46 J6 Abuja 30 I10 Accra 30 K11 Ad Dahah (Doha) 30 A6, 46 J5 A ¯ dl¯s A ¯ beba 30 C10, 46 L4 Adriatic Sea 38 L10, 46 H1 Afghanistan 46 I7 Al Mana¯mah 30 B6, 46 J5 Albania 38 L11, 46 H2 Aleutian Islands 18 H1 Alger (Algiers) 30 J4, 38 M6 Algeria 30 J5 American Samoa 54 F6 `Amma¯n 30 D5, 46 I4 Amsterdam 38 H7 Andorra 38 K5 Angola 31 G15 Anguilla 20 C7 Ankara 30 E3, 39 L15, 46 H3 Antananarivo 31 B16 Antigua and Barbuda 20 B8, 26 A6 Aral Sea 46 G7 Arctic Ocean 19 B4, 47 A15 Argentina 26 L5 Armenia 30 B3, 39 L19, 46 H5 Aruba 20 E9, 26 B5 Ashgabat 46 H6 Asmara 30 C9, 46 K4 Astana (Akmola) 46 F8 Asunción 26 I7 Athina (Athens) 30 F3, 39 M13, 46 H2 Australia 54 M8 Austria 38 J9, 46 G1 Azerbaijan 30 B3, 39 L20, 46 H5 B Babuyan Islands 47 J14, 54 O2 Baffin Island 19 E14 Baghdad 30 B4, 46 I5 Bahamas (The) 19 M14, 20 F5 Bahrain 30 A6, 46 J5 Bairiki 54 H4 Baki 39 L21, 46 H5 Baltic Sea 46 F2 Bamako 30 L9 Bandar Seri Begawan 47 L13, 54 O4 Bangkok 47 K12 Bangladesh 46 J11 Bangui 30 G11, 46 L1 Banjul 30 N9 Barbados 20 A9, 26 B7 Barents Sea 46 B4 Basseterre 20 C7 Batan Islands 47 J14 Beijing (Peking) 47 H14 Beirut 30 D4, 46 I4 Belarus 39 G14, 46 F3 Belgium 38 H6 Belize 19 N12, 20 I7, 26 A1 Belmopan 19 N12, 20 I7, 26 A1 Benin 30 J10 Beograd 46 G2 Berlin 38 H9, 46 F1 Bermuda 19 L16, 20 C4 Bern 38 J7 Bhutan 46 J10 Bishkek 46 H9 Bissau 30 N9 Black Sea 39 K16, 46 H3 Bogotá 20 F11, 26 C4 Bolivia 26 G5 Borneo 47 M13, 54 P4 Bosnia-Herzegovinia 38 K10, 46 G2 Botswana 31 F17 Brasília 26 G9 Bratislava 38 I11, 46 G2 Brazil 20 C12, 26 F7 Brazzaville 31 H13, 46 M1 Bridgetown 20 B9 British Virgin Islands 20 C7 Brunei 47 L13, 54 P4 Brussels 38 H6 Bucuresti (Bucharest) 39 K14, 46 G3 Budapest 38 J11, 46 G2 Bujumbura 31 E13, 46 M3 Bulgaria 39 K13, 46 H2 Burkina 30 J9 Burma see Myanmar Burundi 31 E13, 46 M3 C Cairo 30 E5, 46 I3 Cambodia 47 L12 Cameroon 30 H11, 46 L1 Canada 18–19 G11 Canary Islands 30 M5 Cape Town 31 G19 Cape Verde 31 M13 Caracas 20 D9, 26 B5 Caribbean Sea 20 F8, 26 A4 Caspian Sea 39 K21, 46 H5 Cayenne 26 C8 Cayman Islands 19 N13, 20 H7 Central African Republic 30 G10, 46 L2 Chad 30 G8, 46 K2 Chile 26 K4 China 46–7 I12, 54 P1 Chisa ç˘u 39 J14 Colombia 20 F11, 26 C3 Comoros 31 B14 Conakry 30 M9 Congo (Democratic Republic of) 31 F12, 46 M2 Congo (Republic of) 31 G12, 46 M1 Cook Islands 54 E7 Costa Rica 20 H10, 26 B2 Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 30 K10 Crete 30 F4, 39 N13, 46 I2 Croatia 38 K10, 46 G1 Cuba 19 M14, 20 G7 Cyprus 30 E4, 46 I4 Czech Republic 38 I10, 46 G1 D Dakar 30 N9 Damascus see Dimashq Denmark 38 F7 Dhaka 46 J10 Dili 47 N15, 54 N6 Dimashq (Damascus) 30 D4, 46 I4 Djibouti 30 C9 Dodoma 31 D13, 46 N4 Dominica 20 B8, 26 A6 Dominican Republic 19 N15, 20 E7 Dublin 38 G2 Dushanbe 46 H8 E East Timor 47 N15, 54 N6 Ecuador 20 G12, 26 D3 Egypt 30 E6, 46 J3 El Salvador 20 I8 Ellesmere Island 19 B13 Equatorial Guinea 30 I11 Eritrea 30 D8, 46 K4 Estonia 39 E13, 46 E2 Ethiopia 30 C10, 46 L4 F Falkland Islands 26 O7 Faroe Islands 38 C3 Fiji 54 H7 Finland 39 B13, 46 D2 France 38 J5 Freetown (Sierra Leone) 30 M10 French Guiana 20 A11, 26 C8 French Polynesia 54 B7 Futuna Islands 54 G6 G Gabon 31 H12 Gaborone 31 F17 Galápagos (Islas) 20 J11, 26 D1 Gambia (The) 30 N9 Georgetown 20 B10, 26 C7 Georgia 30 C2, 39 L19, 46 H5 Germany 38 H8 Ghana 30 J10 Gibraltar 38 N3 Gilbert Islands 54 H4 Great Barrier Reef 54 K7 Greater Antilles 20 G7 Greece 30 F3, 39 M12, 46 H2 Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) 19 C19 Grenada 20 C9, 26 B6 Grenadines 20 B9, 26 B7 Grytviken 26 O11 Guadalcanal 54 J6 Guadeloupe 20 B8, 26 A6 Guam 47 L17, 54 L3 Guatemala 19 N12, 20 J8 Guatemala City 20 J8 Guernsey 38 I4 Guinea 30 M9 Guinea-Bissau 30 M9 Guyana 20 B11, 26 C7 H Haiti 19 N15, 20 F7 Hamilton 19 L16, 20 D4 Hanoi 47 K12 Harare 31 E16 Havana 19 M13, 20 H6 Hawaiian Islands 18 M2, 54 E1 Helsinki 39 D13, 46 E2 Honduras 19 N12, 20 I8, 26 A1 Hong Kong 47 K14 Honiara 47 N20, 54 I6 Hungary 38 J11, 46 G2 I Iceland 19 F22, 38 B3 India 46 J9 Indian Ocean 46 M8 Indonesia 47 N14, 54 O5 Iran 30 A4, 46 I6 Iraq 30 C5, 46 I5 Ireland (Republic of) 38 H2 Islamabad 46 I8 Israel 30 D5, 46 I4 Italy 38 L9, 46 H1 Ivory Coast see Côte d'Ivoire J Jakarta 47 N13 Jamaica 19 N14, 20 G7 Japan 47 H16 Java 47 N13, 54 P5 Jersey 38 I4 Jerusalem 30 D5, 46 I4 Jordan 30 D5, 46 I4 K Kabul 46 I8 Kaliningrad 46 F1 Kampala 31 E12, 46 M3 Kanchenjunga 46 I10 Kathmandu 46 J9 Kazakhstan 46 G7 Kenya 30 D11, 46 M4 Khartoum 30 E9, 46 K3 Kigali 31 E12, 46 M3 Kingston 19 N14, 20 F7 Kingstown 20 C9 Kinshasa 31 G13, 46 N1 Kiribati 47 M22, 54 E5 Kobenhavn 46 F1 Kriti (Crete) 39 N13, 46 I2 Kuala Lumpur 47 M12 Kuwait 30 B5, 46 I5 Kyiv (Kiev) 39 H15, 46 F3 Kyrgyzstan 46 H9 L La Paz 26 G5 Laâyoune 30 M6 Laos 46–7 K12 Laptev Sea 47 B15 Las Palmas 30 M6 Latvia 39 F13, 46 F2 Lebanon 30 D4, 46 I4 Lefkosia (Nicosia) 30 E4, 46 I3 Lesotho 31 E18 Lesser Antilles 20 C8, 26 A6 Liberia 30 L11 Libreville 31 H12 Libya 30 H6, 46 J2 Liechtenstein 38 J8 Lilongwe 31 E15 Lima 26 F3 Line Islands 54 D5 Lisboa (Lisbon) 38 M1 Lithuania 39 F12, 46 F2 Ljubljana 38 J9 Lomé 30 K10 London 38 H5 Luanda 31 H14, 46 N1 Lusaka 31 F15 Luxembourg 38 I7 M Macau 47 K13 Macedonia 39 L12, 46 H2 Madagascar 31 B16 Madeira 30 M5 Madrid 38 L4 Majuro 54 H4 Malabo 30 I11 Malawi 31 D15 Malaysia 47 M13, 54 P4 Maldives 46 L8 Male 46 L8 Mali 30 K8 Malta 30 H4, 38 N10, 46 I1 Maluku (Moluccas) 54 N5 Managua 20 I9, 26 B1 Manila 47 L14, 54 O3 Maputo 31 D17 63 INDEX Marshall Islands 54 I3 Martinique 20 B8, 26 A6 Maseru 31 F18 Masqat (Muscat) 46 J7 Matterhorn 38 J8 Mauritania 30 M8 Mauritius 31 L17 Mayotte 31 B15 Mbabane 31 E18 Mediterranean Sea 30 I3, 38 M8, 46 I2 Melanesia 54 I5 Mexico 18 M10, 20 M6 Mexico City 18 N10, 20 L7 Micronesia 54 J3 Minsk 39 G14, 46 F3 Mogadishu see Muqdisho Moldova 39 I14, 46 G3 Monaco 38 K7 Mongolia 47 G12 Monrovia 30 M10 Mont Blanc 38 J6 Montevideo 26 K7 Montserrat 20 D8 Morocco 30 L5 Moroni 31 C14 Moskva (Moscow) 39 F16, 46 F3 Mozambique 31 D16 Muqdisho (Mogadishu) 30 B11, 46 M5 Myanmar (Burma) 46 J11 N Nairobi 31 D12, 46 M4 Namibia 31 G17 Nassau 19 M14, 20 G6 Nauru 54 I5 N'Djamena 30 H9, 46 K1 Nepal 46 J10 Netherlands 38 G6 Netherlands Antilles 20 D9, 26 B5 New Caledonia 54 J7 New Delhi 46 J9 New Zealand 54 I10 Newfoundland 19 I17 Niamey 30 J9 Nicaragua 20 I9, 26 B2 Niger (country) 30 I8 Nigeria 30 I9 Nile 30 E6 Niue 54 F7 Nocobar Islands 46 L11 North Korea 47 H15 North Sea 38 F6 Northern Mariana Islands 54 K2 Norway 38 C8, 46 D1 Nouakchott 30 M8 Nova Scotia 19 J15 Nuku'alofa 54 F7 Nuuk 19 F18 64 O Okinawa 54 N1 Oman 46 K6 Oslo 38 D8 Ottawa 19 J14 Ouagadougdu 30 J9 P Pakistan 46 J8 Palau 47 M16, 54 M4 Panama 20 G10, 26 B3 Panama City 26 B3 Papua New Guinea 47 N18, 54 K5 Paracel Islands 54 P2 Paraguay 26 I7 Paramaribo 20 A10, 26 C7 Paris 38 I6 Parry Islands 18 C9 Patagonia 26 N5 Peru 26 F3 Philippine Sea 47 K14, 54 N2 Philippines 47 L15, 54 N3 Phnum Penh 47 L12 Phoenix Islands 54 F5 Plateau of Tibet 46 I10 Poland 38 H11, 46 F1 Port au Prince 19 N15, 20 F7 Port Louis 31 M17 Port Moresby 47 N17, 54 K6 Port of Spain 20 C9, 26 B7 Porto-Novo 30 J11 Portugal 38 M1 Praha (Prague) 38 I9, 46 G1 Praia 31 M13 Pretoria 31 E17 Puerto Rico 20 D8 P'yongyang 47 H15 Q Qatar 30 A6, 46 J6 Queen Charlotte Islands 18 H5 Queen Elizabeth Islands 18 B9 Quito 20 G12, 26 D3 R Rabat 30 L4 Rangoon see Yangon Red Sea 46 J4 Reykjavík 19 F22, 38 C2 Riga 39 F12, 46 F2 Riyadh 30 B6, 46 J5 Roma (Rome) 38 L9, 46 H1 Romania 39 J13, 46 G2 Russian Federation 39 E20, 46–7 E8 Rwanda 31 E12, 46 M3 Ryukyu Islands 47 J16, 54 N1 S Sahara 30 J7 St.

Tropic of Cancer An imaginary line that runs around the world between the North Pole and the Equator. These lines are used to measure the Earth and to help find places and describe different regions. The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn is warm and wet and is known as the Tropics. Tropic of Capricorn An imaginary line that runs around the world between the South Pole and the Equator. The area between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer is warm and wet and is known as the Tropics.