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Kr In Fig. 5 the intensity distribution of oscillating dipoles is shown. In contrast to a circular dipole, for a linear one directions occur into which no energy is radiated. The dipole character can be observed very nicely with the Tyndall effect by relatively simple means. One needs only a linearly polarized laser beam and a Plexiglas rod (Fig. 6). The double refraction of the Plexiglas rod causes a modulation of the polarization plane, and the observer, standing at the side, sees a periodic increase and decrease of the scattered light in the Plexiglas rod.

10 Ray optics and particle optics and in combination with Eq. 25) we get 0≤ 1− d 2 f1 1− d 2 f2 ≤ 1. 26) This result defines a stability criterion for the application of a wave guide consisting of lens systems, and the corresponding important stability diagram is shown in Fig. 21. We will deal with this in more detail later on, because multiple reflection between concave mirrors of an optical resonator can be described in this way as well (Sect. 6). 6 ABCD matrices for wave guides According to Sect.

At the start a light ray may have a distance to the axis and a slope of r1 = (r1 , α1 ). Having passed a distance d along the z axis, then r2 α2 = r1 + α1 d, = α1 , hold. One may use 2 × 2 matrices to write the translation clearly, 1 0 r2 = T r1 = d 1 r1 . 14) A bit more complicated is the modification by a refracting optical surface. For that purpose we look at the situation of Fig. 18, where two optical media with refractive indices n1 and n2 are separated by a spherical interface with radius R.