By Karl Goodkin

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2006). The peripheral viral load (plasma and serum) was significantly reduced in the DAPTA-treated group, but the CSF viral load was not. However, DAPTA is also known to down-regulate the activities of proinflammatory cytokines, which may account for a neurocognitive effect that is independent of its effect on viral load. 18 ■ DISORDERS DUE TO PRIMARY HIV-1 PATHOGENESIS AND THEIR TREATMENT Integrase Inhibitors Long talked about as a potential target against HIV-1 replication, inhibition of viral integrase became clinical reality in September 2007 with the FDA approval of raltegravir, establishing the sixth and most recent class of ARVs.

The development of vaccine strategies for protection against HIV-1 infection continues. However, current findings suggest that vaccines may need to incorporate, among other components, modified virus and/or viral products and antibody-based mechanisms. For example, Vif is an HIV accessory protein with a primary function to negate the action of APOBEC3G, a naturally occurring cellular HIV1 replication inhibitor. , 2006). Vaccine strategies interfering with the Vif-APOBEC3G interaction could raise intracellular levels of APOBEC3G or reduce intracellular levels of Vif and hold clinical promise for enhancing the cell’s innate antiviral activity.

2006). Vaccine strategies interfering with the Vif-APOBEC3G interaction could raise intracellular levels of APOBEC3G or reduce intracellular levels of Vif and hold clinical promise for enhancing the cell’s innate antiviral activity. It is possible that careful vaccine design may reveal a cocktail formulation that is able to prevent HIV-1 infections worldwide, overcoming the political and financial dilemmas associated with clade-specific vaccines. In any case, it must be concluded that coverage of the CNS by vaccines in development has been underinvestigated and this particular area demands greater attention in the future.

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