By Reuse, and Recycling Committee on U.S-Iranian Workshop on Water Conservation, Security, and Cooperation Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development, National Research Council

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The influent is introduced at the bottom of the filter and moves countercurrent up through the downward moving sand to overflow the filter bay. The only mechanical component of this type of filter is an air compressor to produce the air needed for the airlift pumps. Membranes Membrane filtration also comes in many varieties. Depending on the pore opening size, the membranes remove various size particles and can produce reclaimed water of the quality required for aquifer injection or nonpotable reuse.

Microfiltration has a slightly slower filtration rate than filters but requires considerably greater pressure to pass through the process. Microfiltration membranes treating secondary effluent are designed to handle a loading (flux) of about 70 l/h/m2. The normal operating pressure is about 1 bar, with a maximum operating pressure of 2 bars. The waste backwash water volume is comparable to that of a filter, amounting to about 5 percent of the average flow rate. Flow equalization of the waste backwash water is not required.

9. Make better use of qualified personnel and natural potential as well as existing social and local institutions. 10. Anticipate how to mobilize necessary financial resources compatible with value added from development of water resources (appropriate contribution from GDP). 11. Balance the needs for efficiency and social equitability. 12. Promote the advantages and importance of water resources management in food security and national security. 13. Promote productivity capacity in the process of water management cycle and effective factors in economic value of water.

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